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Pages: 340 |
Mar 2023 |
Lithium-ion batteries are rechargeable batteries that use lithium metal oxides as positive electrodes to store lithium ions. Also, the usage of lithium-ion batteries in electric cars has propelled the Europe lithium-ion battery industry and, as a result, the constituent materials recycling demand is increasing throughout Europe. The European Union has set ambitious targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and increasing the use of renewable energy sources. The recycling of lithium-ion batteries is an essential part of achieving these goals, as it reduces the environmental impact of battery production and disposal. The Europe lithium-ion battery recycling market is being driven by government regulations and policies that promote sustainable waste management practices. The EU has set targets for the recycling of batteries, and member states have implemented regulations to ensure that lithium-ion batteries are properly disposed of and recycled. Moreover, the increasing adoption of electric vehicles in Europe is also driving the growth of the Europe lithium-ion battery recycling market.
A lack of knowledge on the chemistry of Li-ion batteries hinders the battery recycling process and may result in technical mishaps. Many consumers may not be aware of the importance of recycling lithium-ion batteries, which could limit the supply of batteries available for recycling. Improving consumer education and awareness could help address this issue. The lack of consumer awareness about the importance of recycling lithium-ion batteries can be a significant barrier to the growth of the European lithium-ion battery recycling market,
The market for recycling Li-ion batteries is currently very active. In order to assure the supply of raw materials, numerous new relationships have been established along the supply chain from raw material mining firms to system integrators. For instance, partnerships between system integrators and recyclers such as Audi and Umicore makers and battery recyclers can help ensure the availability of raw materials for both parties.
According to country analysis, the Germany lithium-ion battery recycling market accounted for highest market share in 2021. Germany's high demand for electric vehicles, with various governments offering subsidies for rechargeable batteries is one of the main drivers for the lithium-ion recycling industry.
Europe lithium-ion batteries are widely used in many applications, including electric vehicles, portable electronics, and renewable energy storage. However, these batteries also create environmental challenges due to their hazardous components and limited lifespan. The European Union has developed policies and regulations to promote the recycling and circular economy of lithium-ion batteries. The EU has set targets for collecting and recycling batteries, as well as reducing the use of hazardous materials in battery manufacturing. Similarly, electronic and electrical equipment, as well as lithium-ion batteries, have been abandoned at the end of their life cycles.
The Europe coronavirus pandemic has had a profound impact on the lives of many people in nearly every country. The energy materials and battery manufacturing industry including grid storage, personal electronic devices, and battery-powered electric vehicles felt the effect of the pandemic. Also, the battery recycling industry across the globe has witnessed a negative impact during the pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic struck, putting lives in danger, disrupting supply chains and workforces, and shutting down factories.
The economic slowdown impacted the auto industry, resulting in sharp drops in electric vehicle sales. This has had a long-term effect on the battery recycling business as governments redirected funding to the development of essential medical infrastructure to address the rise of COVID-19 cases in Europe. In addition, the material flow into and out of China, the biggest center for recycling and battery manufacturing, was hampered by travel and import-export restrictions. As a result, interruptions in the battery recycling and supply chain have had a significant impact on non-renewable and toxic materials like lead, cobalt, and lithium. The market share for battery recycling has been significantly impacted by these factors during the COVID-19 pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic has caused delays in a variety of businesses. To reduce transmission, government agencies are introducing new regulations like lockout and social isolation. A halt in cross-border commerce would have a severe impact on the supply chain network. To help our clients better comprehend the present situation, we provide in-depth insights into the lithium-ion battery recycling sector.
Lithium-ion batteries are rechargeable batteries that include lithium metal oxides as positive electrodes where lithium ions can be stored. These batteries are mostly utilized in residential applications. However, the use of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles has expanded the lithium-ion battery market growth worldwide, and as a consequence, their constituent materials. Comparatively, a less percentage of overall used lithium-ion batteries are recycled today and most end up in landfills. This electronic waste (E-waste) causes severe environmental issues such as water pollution and air pollution. Due to these problems, lithium-ion battery recycling is crucial for governments for a climate-neutral economy. Lithium-ion battery recycling aids in recovering expensive materials such as nickel and cobalt. Their costs have fluctuated in recent years. Recycling lithium-ion batteries would aid in decreasing the dependence on these materials, enhance the battery supply chain security, and lessen the negative environmental and human impact caused by these batteries. On account of these benefits, the European Union (EU) is increasingly focusing on more sustainable battery recycling which is helping the growth of the market.
To know more about Europe lithium-ion battery recycling market drivers, get in touch with our analysts here.
Despite the promising market potential of Europe lithium-ion battery recycling, some major challenges may hamper the market growth. The supply of used li-ion batteries is highly unstandardized and scattered due to various types and sizes of batteries such as li-ion, lead-acid, and others that are collected by independent collectors and recycler companies. This causes a complex and labor-intensive disassembly of batteries before they can be recycled. The transportation of used batteries across Europe is a very expensive process owing to the stringent security regulations including dangerous goods regulations (ADR) and the fewer li-ion battery recycling plants across Europe. In addition, a lack of understanding about the composition of Li-ion batteries among waste collectors is a hindrance to the battery recycling process and can cause technical accidents.
There is a growing need for sustainable recycling of batteries used in consumer electronic applications. Due to a lack of awareness among consumers, used batteries often go in household garbage. Li-ion batteries contain valuable minerals such as nickel, cobalt, graphite, and lithium. These minerals are economically and strategically important to Europe as there is no alternative to these minerals and their supply is susceptible to disruption. The growing popularity of EVs is expected to increase demand for lithium-ion batteries during the forecast period. Supply chain disruptions will result from this, especially when it comes to raw and refined battery materials. Thus, increased attention must be paid to closed-loop battery recycling for the mitigation of supply chain disruption. In addition, if the electronic device that contains a li-ion battery is disposed of in a recycling bin with other recyclables including paper, glass, or plastic, it may create a fire hazard. Concerns are being raised by activists, local governments, and safety professionals about the risks associated with improper lithium-ion battery disposal. Hence, the market offers excellent opportunities to address the concerns.
To know more about Europe lithium-ion battery recycling market opportunities, get in touch with our analysts here.
Based on battery chemistry, the market has been divided into lithium-iron phosphate, lithium-manganese oxide, lithium-nickel-cobalt-aluminum oxide, lithium-nickel-manganese cobalt, and lithium-titanate oxide. Among these, the lithium-manganese oxide sub-segment accounted for the highest market share in 2021 whereas the lithium-iron phosphate sub-segment is estimated to show the fastest growth during the forecast period.
Source: Research Dive Analysis
The lithium manganese oxide sub-segment accounted for a highest market share in 2021. Lithium manganese oxides are actively being sought after for use as lithium-ion battery cathodes. Because of their inexpensive cost and lack of toxicity, manganese-based oxides are typically preferred over cobalt and nickel oxides. Among the most promising materials are layered lithium manganese oxides and spinel lithium manganate. A common application for lithium manganese dioxide cells is to provide memory or microcontroller backup power in the case of a power outage or rechargeable battery depletion.
The lithium-iron phosphate sub-segment is anticipated to show the fastest growth by 2031. A lithium-iron phosphate battery has a cathode made of lithium-iron phosphate (LiFePO4) and an anode composed of graphitic carbon with a metallic backing. When compared to other types of battery materials, lithium-iron phosphate batteries have various benefits, including less weight technology, quick charging, longer cycle life, and low energy wastage, which is propelling the lithium-iron phosphate batteries market. The fundamental factor driving demand for lithium-iron phosphate batteries throughout the forecast period is the rising demand from the automotive sector, particularly electric vehicles, and novel developments in lightweight materials.
Based on source, the market has been divided into electric vehicles, electronics, power tools, and others. Among these, the electronics sub-segment accounted for the highest market share in 2021 whereas the electric vehicles sub-segment is estimated to show the fastest growth during the forecast period.
Source: Research Dive Analysis
The electric vehicles sub-segment is anticipated to show the fastest growth by 2031. The use of renewable biofuels is becoming more prevalent in the automotive industry. The transportation network is significantly reliant on oil as a resource, which raises concerns among economists and environmentalists equally. Electric vehicle adoption is increasing in concert with environmental sustainability. For instance, electric vehicles (EVs) are becoming increasingly popular, which raises the need for fuel cells, which are required for a continuous energy source. The EV sector is expected to grow as a consequence of factors like fuel efficiency, lower emissions, and customer preference. The electric vehicle industry is growing as battery technology progresses and this fuels growth of the Europe lithium-ion battery recycling market.
Based on recycling process, the market has been divided into hydrometallurgical process, physical/mechanical process, and pyrometallurgy process. Among these, the hydrometallurgical process sub-segment accounted for highest revenue share in 2021.
Source: Research Dive Analysis
The hydrometallurgical process sub-segment accounted for the highest market share in 2021. Hydrometallurgy is considered to be a more environmentally and health-friendly technique than pyrometallurgy. It enables for more element recovery with a better purity grade, less energy usage, and no air emissions. Thermal pre-treatment, on the other hand, aids in the separation of battery components, simplifies the discharging process, and may also be used to remove carbon and organic compounds and dissolve PVDF binder, although requiring gas treatment.
Based on end-user, the market has been divided into automotive and non-automotive. Among these, the non-automotive sub segment accounted for the highest market share in 2021 and the automotive sub-segment is anticipated to show the fastest growth by 2031.
Source: Research Dive Analysis
The non-automotive sub-segment accounted for a highest market share in 2021. Due to their promise to lower greenhouse gas emissions and reduce reliance on oil, electric vehicles are becoming popular. Hybrid-electric, plug-in hybrid, and all-electric cars are anticipated to account for more than half of new car sales. Lithium-ion batteries will be the key to this significant transformation for the vehicle industry. Currently, 96% of all hybrids on the market use nickel metal hydride batteries, but within a few years, it is anticipated that hybrids, plug-in hybrids, and all-electric vehicles will use lithium-ion batteries.
The automotive sub-segment is anticipated to show the fastest growth by 2031. The lithium-ion battery is currently the preferred choice for electric car makers due to its high energy density, low self-discharge rate, and wide range of battery variations available on the market. As a result, lithium prices have been steadily growing in recent years, alongside industrial output, and mineral exploration. In contrast, the average price of batteries has been declining, lowering the cost of electric vehicles and prompting the automotive market. The automotive industry is about to undergo a profound change as a result of the electric vehicle revolution, which is being driven by the necessity to decarbonize personal transportation in order to meet global targets for reductions in greenhouse gas emissions and improve air quality in urban centers.
Based on application, the market has been divided into industrial and residential. Among these, the industrial sub-segment accounted for highest revenue share in 2021.
Source: Research Dive Analysis
The industrial sub-segment accounted for the highest market share in 2021. The usage of lithium-ion batteries in industrial applications is motivated by their high energy density, lightweight, increased performance, and long-life cycle. Lithium-ion batteries, both current and in development may enable the initial commercial introduction of eVTOL aircraft; however, considerable breakthroughs in lithium-ion battery technologies will be necessary for the commercial electric aircraft market to be expanded to various classes of aircraft, including large regional and single-aisle 737-class aircraft. Aviation applications may be among the first to embrace next-generation high-specific energy battery technologies, which may not yet fulfill the calendar life and durability criteria of automotive applications.
The lithium-ion battery recycling market was investigated across Hungary, Germany, UK, France, Belgium, Spain, Italy, Greece, Poland, Czech Republic, Austria, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Rest of Europe
Source: Research Dive Analysis
The Germany lithium-ion battery recycling market accounted for the largest market share in 2021. Germany's high demand for electric vehicles, with various governments offering subsidies for rechargeable batteries is one of the main factors driving the lithium-ion recycling industry. Concerns about the environmental impact of automobiles powered by traditional energy sources such as gasoline and diesel have resulted in a significant increase in electric vehicle demand in Germany. Lithium-ion batteries have a wide range of applications, and more advanced characteristics are being developed as more effort is put in through research and development. German companies are also constructing new manufacturing facilities to meet the increasing demand for lithium-ion batteries in applications such as electric vehicles, medical devices, and data communication. New facilities and expanding research and developments are creating new opportunities for the Germany lithium-ion battery recycling market to grow.
Investment and agreement are common strategies followed by major market players. For instance, The European Battery Alliance (EBA) was established in 2017 by the European Commission, EU countries, industry players, and the scientific community. This alliance includes around 700 members from the batteries industry. The goal of this alliance is to develop a competitive European battery industry. In 2020, ECO2LIB, an EU-funded project was launched. The objective of this project is to produce and recycle ecologically and economically feasible lithium-ion batteries.
Source: Research Dive Analysis
Some of the leading Europe lithium-ion battery recycling market players are Accurec Recycling GmbH, Umicore, Volkswagen Group, BASF SE, REDUX Recycling GmbH, Li-Cycle, Saft Groupe SA, SNAM, Stena Recycling, Eramet.
| Aspect | Particulars |
| Historical Market Estimations | 2020 |
| Base Year for Market Estimation | 2021 |
| Forecast Timeline for Market Projection | 2022-2031 |
| Geographical Scope | Hungary, Germany, UK, France, Belgium, Spain, Italy, Greece, Poland, Czech Republic, Austria, Slovakia, Slovenia, Rest of Europe |
| Segmentation by Battery Chemistry |
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| Segmentation By Source |
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| Segmentation By Recycling Process |
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| Segmentation By End-user |
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| Segmentation By Application |
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| Key Companies Profiled |
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1.Research Methodology
1.1.Desk Research
1.2.Real time insights and validation
1.3.Forecast model
1.4.Assumptions and forecast parameters
1.5.Market size estimation
1.5.1.Top-down approach
1.5.2.Bottom-up approach
2.Report Scope
2.1.Market definition
2.2.Key objectives of the study
2.3.Report overview
2.4.Market segmentation
2.5.Overview of the impact of COVID-19 on Europe Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Market
3.Executive Summary
4.Market Overview
4.1.Introduction
4.2.Growth impact forces
4.2.1.Drivers
4.2.2.Restraints
4.2.3.Opportunities
4.3.Market value chain analysis
4.3.1.List of raw material suppliers
4.3.2.List of recycling companies
4.4.Innovation & sustainability matrices
4.4.1.Technology matrix
4.4.2.Regulatory matrix
4.5.Porter’s five forces analysis
4.5.1.Bargaining power of suppliers
4.5.2.Bargaining power of consumers
4.5.3.Threat of substitutes
4.5.4.Threat of new entrants
4.5.5.Competitive rivalry intensity
4.6.PESTLE analysis
4.6.1.Political
4.6.2.Economical
4.6.3.Social
4.6.4.Technological
4.6.5.Environmental
4.7.Impact of COVID-19 on Europe Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Market market
4.7.1.Pre-covid market scenario
4.7.2.Post-covid market scenario
5.Europe Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Market Analysis, by Battery Chemistry
5.1.Overview
5.2.Lithium-Iron Phosphate
5.2.1.Definition, key trends, growth factors, and opportunities
5.2.2.Market share analysis, by country, 2021-2031
5.3.Lithium-Manganese Oxide
5.3.1.Definition, key trends, growth factors, and opportunities
5.3.2.Market share analysis, by country, 2021-2031
5.4.Lithium-Nickel-Cobalt-Aluminum Oxide
5.4.1.Definition, key trends, growth factors, and opportunities
5.4.2.Market share analysis, by country, 2021-20231
5.5.Lithium-Nickel-Manganese Cobalt
5.5.1.Definition, key trends, growth factors, and opportunities
5.5.2.Market share analysis, by country, 2021-2031
5.6.Lithium-Titanate Oxide
5.6.1.Definition, key trends, growth factors, and opportunities
5.6.2.Market share analysis, by country, 2021-2031
5.7.Research Dive Exclusive Insights
5.7.1.Market attractiveness
5.7.2.Competition heatmap
6.Europe Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Market Analysis, by Source
6.1.Overview
6.2.Electric Vehicles
6.2.1.Definition, key trends, growth factors, and opportunities
6.2.2.Market share analysis, by country, 2021-2031
6.3.Electronics
6.3.1.Definition, key trends, growth factors, and opportunities
6.3.2.Market share analysis, by country, 2021-2031
6.4.Power Tools
6.4.1.Definition, key trends, growth factors, and opportunities
6.4.2.Market share analysis, by country, 2021-2031
6.5.Others
6.5.1.Definition, key trends, growth factors, and opportunities
6.5.2.Market share analysis, by country, 2021-2031
6.6.Research Dive Exclusive Insights
6.6.1.Market attractiveness
6.6.2.Competition heatmap
7.Europe Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Market Analysis, by Recycling Process
7.1.Overview
7.2.Hydrometallurgical Process
7.2.1.Definition, key trends, growth factors, and opportunities
7.2.2.Market share analysis, by country, 2021-2031
7.3.Physical/Mechanical Process
7.3.1.Definition, key trends, growth factors, and opportunities
7.3.2.Market share analysis, by country, 2021-2031
7.4.Pyrometallurgy Process
7.4.1.Definition, key trends, growth factors, and opportunities
7.4.2.Market share analysis, by country, 2021-2031
7.5.Research Dive Exclusive Insights
7.5.1.Market attractiveness
7.5.2.Competition heatmap
8.Europe Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Market Analysis, by End User
8.1.Overview
8.2.Automotive
8.2.1.Definition, key trends, growth factors, and opportunities
8.2.2.Market share analysis, by country, 2021-2031
8.3.Non-Automotive
8.3.1.Definition, key trends, growth factors, and opportunities
8.3.2.Market share analysis, by country, 2021-2031
8.4.Research Dive Exclusive Insights
8.4.1.Market attractiveness
8.4.2.Competition heatmap
9.Europe Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Market Analysis, by Application
9.1.Overview
9.2.Industrial
9.2.1.Definition, key trends, growth factors, and opportunities
9.2.2.Market share analysis, by country, 2021-2031
9.3.Residential
9.3.1.Definition, key trends, growth factors, and opportunities
9.3.2.Market share analysis, by country, 2021-2031
9.4.Research Dive Exclusive Insights
9.4.1.Market attractiveness
9.4.2.Competition heatmap
10.Europe Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Market, by country
10.1.Hungary
10.1.1.Market size analysis, by Battery Chemistry, 2021-2031
10.1.2.Market size analysis, by Source, 2021-2031
10.1.3.Market size analysis, by Recycling Process, 2021-2031
10.1.4.Market size analysis, by End-user, 2021-2031
10.1.5.Market size analysis, by Application, 2021-2031
10.2.Germany
10.2.1.Market size analysis, by Battery Chemistry, 2021-2031
10.2.2.Market size analysis, by Source, 2021-2031
10.2.3.Market size analysis, by Recycling Process, 2021-2031
10.2.4.Market size analysis, by End-user, 2021-2031
10.2.5.Market size analysis, by Application, 2021-2031
10.3.UK
10.3.1.Market size analysis, by Battery Chemistry, 2021-2031
10.3.2.Market size analysis, by Source, 2021-2031
10.3.3.Market size analysis, by Recycling Process, 2021-2031
10.3.4.Market size analysis, by End-user, 2021-2031
10.3.5.Market size analysis, by Application, 2021-2031
10.4.France
10.4.1.Market size analysis, by Battery Chemistry, 2021-2031
10.4.2.Market size analysis, by Source, 2021-2031
10.4.3.Market size analysis, by Recycling Process, 2021-2031
10.4.4.Market size analysis, by End-user, 2021-2031
10.4.5.Market size analysis, by Application, 2021-2031
10.5.Belgium
10.5.1.Market size analysis, by Battery Chemistry, 2021-2031
10.5.2.Market size analysis, by Source, 2021-2031
10.5.3.Market size analysis, by Recycling Process, 2021-2031
10.5.4.Market size analysis, by End-user, 2021-2031
10.5.5.Market size analysis, by Application, 2021-2031
10.6.Spain
10.6.1.Market size analysis, by Battery Chemistry, 2021-2031
10.6.2.Market size analysis, by Source, 2021-2031
10.6.3.Market size analysis, by Recycling Process, 2021-2031
10.6.4.Market size analysis, by End-user, 2021-2031
10.6.5.Market size analysis, by Application, 2021-2031
10.7.Italy
10.7.1.Market size analysis, by Battery Chemistry, 2021-2031
10.7.2.Market size analysis, by Source, 2021-2031
10.7.3.Market size analysis, by Recycling Process, 2021-2031
10.7.4.Market size analysis, by End-user, 2021-2031
10.7.5.Market size analysis, by Application, 2021-2031
10.8.Greece
10.8.1.Market size analysis, by Battery Chemistry, 2021-2031
10.8.2.Market size analysis, by Source, 2021-2031
10.8.3.Market size analysis, by Recycling Process, 2021-2031
10.8.4.Market size analysis, by End-user, 2021-2031
10.8.5.Market size analysis, by Application, 2021-2031
10.9.Poland
10.9.1.Market size analysis, by Battery Chemistry, 2021-2031
10.9.2.Market size analysis, by Source, 2021-2031
10.9.3.Market size analysis, by Recycling Process, 2021-2031
10.9.4.Market size analysis, by End-user, 2021-2031
10.9.5.Market size analysis, by Application, 2021-2031
10.10.Czech Republic
10.10.1.Market size analysis, by Battery Chemistry, 2021-2031
10.10.2.Market size analysis, by Source, 2021-2031
10.10.3.Market size analysis, by Recycling Process, 2021-2031
10.10.4.Market size analysis, by End-user, 2021-2031
10.10.5.Market size analysis, by Application, 2021-2031
10.11.Austria
10.11.1.Market size analysis, by Battery Chemistry, 2021-2031
10.11.2.Market size analysis, by Source, 2021-2031
10.11.3.Market size analysis, by Recycling Process, 2021-2031
10.11.4.Market size analysis, by End-user, 2021-2031
10.11.5.Market size analysis, by Application, 2021-2031
10.12.Slovakia
10.12.1.Market size analysis, by Battery Chemistry, 2021-2031
10.12.2.Market size analysis, by Source, 2021-2031
10.12.3.Market size analysis, by Recycling Process, 2021-2031
10.12.4.Market size analysis, by End-user, 2021-2031
10.12.5.Market size analysis, by Application, 2021-2031
10.13.Slovenia
10.13.1.Market size analysis, by Battery Chemistry, 2021-2031
10.13.2.Market size analysis, by Source, 2021-2031
10.13.3.Market size analysis, by Recycling Process, 2021-2031
10.13.4.Market size analysis, by End-user, 2021-2031
10.13.5.Market size analysis, by Application, 2021-2031
10.14.Rest of Europe
10.14.1.Market size analysis, by Battery Chemistry, 2021-2031
10.14.2.Market size analysis, by Source, 2021-2031
10.14.3.Market size analysis, by Recycling Process, 2021-2031
10.14.4.Market size analysis, by End-user, 2021-2031
10.14.5.Market size analysis, by Application, 2021-2031
11.Competitive Landscape
11.1.Top winning strategies, 2021
11.1.1.By strategy
11.1.2.By year
11.2.Strategic overview
11.3.Market share analysis, 2021
12.Company Profiles
12.1.Accurec Recycling GmbH
12.1.1.Overview
12.1.2.Business segments
12.1.3.Product portfolio
12.1.4.Financial performance
12.1.5.Recent developments
12.1.6.SWOT analysis
12.2.Umicore
12.2.1.Overview
12.2.2.Business segments
12.2.3.Product portfolio
12.2.4.Financial performance
12.2.5.Recent developments
12.2.6.SWOT analysis
12.3.Volkswagen Group
12.3.1.Overview
12.3.2.Business segments
12.3.3.Product portfolio
12.3.4.Financial performance
12.3.5.Recent developments
12.3.6.SWOT analysis
12.4.BASF SE
12.4.1.Overview
12.4.2.Business segments
12.4.3.Product portfolio
12.4.4.Financial performance
12.4.5.Recent developments
12.4.6.SWOT analysis
12.5.REDUX Recycling GmbH
12.5.1.Overview
12.5.2.Business segments
12.5.3.Product portfolio
12.5.4.Financial performance
12.5.5.Recent developments
12.5.6.SWOT analysis
12.6.Li-Cycle
12.6.1.Overview
12.6.2.Business segments
12.6.3.Product portfolio
12.6.4.Financial performance
12.6.5.Recent developments
12.6.6.SWOT analysis
12.7.Saft Groupe SA
12.7.1.Overview
12.7.2.Business segments
12.7.3.Product portfolio
12.7.4.Financial performance
12.7.5.Recent developments
12.7.6.SWOT analysis
12.8. SNAM
12.8.1.Overview
12.8.2.Business segments
12.8.3.Product portfolio
12.8.4.Financial performance
12.8.5.Recent developments
12.8.6.SWOT analysis
12.9.Stena Recycling
12.9.1.Overview
12.9.2.Business segments
12.9.3.Product portfolio
12.9.4.Financial performance
12.9.5.Recent developments
12.9.6.SWOT analysis
12.10.Eramet
12.10.1.Overview
12.10.2.Business segments
12.10.3.Product portfolio
12.10.4.Financial performance
12.10.5.Recent developments
12.10.6.SWOT analysis
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